ARM binaries

ARM binaries are contained inside .wad files in update partitions. The .wad format and how to decrypt it is described in WAD Files.

ELF format

IOS modules, at least, use bare ELF files. The files seem to be compiled with GCC 3.4.3, and they are EABI compliant. The file is in big endian format. All ELF files are stripped and don't include function names or symbols.

ELF Note Structure

IOS modules are loaded by the kernel (syscall load_module) according to an ELF note. There are exactly as many IOSELFNoteData as threads created by IOS.

struct IOSELFNoteData
{
  u32 version_maybe; // always 0x0b?
  u32 pid;
  u32 unk2; // unused
  u32 entry_point;
  u32 unk4; // unused
  u32 priority;
  u32 unk6; // unused
  u32 stack_size;
  u32 unk8; // unused
  u32 stack_top;
};

struct IOSELFNote
{
  // Standard ELF note header
  u32 name_size; // always 0x0
  u32 descriptor_size;
  u32 note_type; // always 0x6

  // IOS specific data
  IOSELFNoteData data[];
};

ELFLOADER format

The ELFLOADER ARM binary format is used for the "bootup" files, including the IOS kernel (or the entirety of the IOS in earlier versions which are monolithic) and BOOT2. Once decrypted, the data has the following format:

Start	End	Length	Description
0x000	0x004	0x004	Header size = 0x0010
0x004	0x008	0x004	Offset to ELF file after header
0x008	0x00C	0x004	Size of ELF file
0x00C	0x010	0x004	Unknown "ddrInit", set to 0 on boot
0x010	variable	variable	ELF file stub loader binary
variable	variable	variable	ELF file

BOOT2 elf loader

The BOOT2 elf stub loader sets up a stack, calculates its own address, and switches to THUMB mode. Then it does the following:

 if( ! (*((u32 *)0xD800060) & 0x20) ) {
   *((u32 *)0xD800060) |= 0x20;
 }

0xD800000 seems to be the start of the (a?) hardware register space.

After this, it loads the ELF file, and then zeroes out the memory area where the ELF file resides. Then it goes back to ARM mode and vectors to 0xFFFF0000 (the entrypoint of the ARM / vector table). The entire BOOT2 code seems to be position-independent: it can be loaded at any address and will still work, as long as it doesn't overlap with the destination of the ELF load. The entire BOOT2 file cleartext is loaded and then the loader is called, so the loader can calculate the offset of the header simply by subtracting 0x10 from the PC at its entrypoint.

Embedded Broadway Code

Some ARM binaries include PowerPC code for the Broadway. For example MIOS include code at address 0x00003400 and 0x01300000. The first code sets the BATs up, initializes the powerpc and vectors to the second code (which can be addressed at 0x81300000 then) then. This code is executed by writing a small stub to the EXI boot buffer and setting a bit in another register then.

Dynamic Linker

In later IOS versions (after IOS21?) the single IOS ARM binary was devided into several modules/libraries. The modules are loaded dynamically. The code is statically linked to a fixed address. Each module can register driver entry points at the operating systems. Functions of other modules are not directly called. Syscalls are used to communicate with other modules. The calls are forwarded to the approperiate module function.

Extract ELF file

The following program extracts the ELF from the ARM binary. Normal ELF tools can handle the generated output.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>

/** Header for Wii ARM binaries. */
typedef struct {
	/** Size of this header. */
	uint32_t headerSize;
	/** Offset to ELF file. */
	uint32_t offset;
	/** Size of ELF file. */
	uint32_t size;
	/** Padded with zeroes. */
	uint32_t resevered;
} arm_binary_header_t;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	const char *inFilename;
	const char *outFilename;
	FILE *fin = NULL;
	FILE *fout = NULL;
	arm_binary_header_t header;
	char *buffer = NULL;

	if (argc != 3) {
		fprintf(stderr, "%s: [Wii ARM Binary] [ELF output file]\n\n", argv[0]);
		fprintf(stderr, "Extract ELF from Wii ARM binary.\n");
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Parameter wrong.\n");
		return -1;
	}
	inFilename = argv[1];
	outFilename = argv[2];

	fin = fopen(inFilename, "rb");
	if (fin == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Failed to open input file \"%s\".\n", inFilename);
		return -2;
	}
	if (fread(&header, sizeof(header), 1, fin) != 1) {
		fclose(fin);
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Input file \"%s\" is too small.\n", inFilename);
		return -3;
	}
	header.headerSize = ntohl(header.headerSize);
	header.offset = ntohl(header.offset);
	header.size = ntohl(header.size);

	if (header.headerSize != sizeof(arm_binary_header_t)) {
		fclose(fin);
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Input file \"%s\" is not a Wii ARM binary.\n", inFilename);
		return -4;
	}
	if (fseek(fin, header.offset, SEEK_CUR) != 0) {
		fclose(fin);
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Input file \"%s\" is too small (seek to %d failed).\n", inFilename, header.offset);
		return -5;
	}
	buffer = malloc(header.size);
	if (buffer == NULL) {
		fclose(fin);
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Out of memory.\n");
		return -6;
	}
	if (fread(buffer, header.size, 1, fin) != 1) {
		fclose(fin);
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Input file \"%s\" is too small.\n", inFilename);
		return -7;
	}
	fclose(fin);

	fout = fopen(outFilename, "wb");
	if (fout == NULL) {
		fclose(fin);
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Failed to open output file \"%s\".\n", outFilename);
		return -8;
	}
	if (fwrite(buffer, header.size, 1, fout) != 1) {
		fclose(fin);
		fprintf(stderr, "Error: Output file \"%s\" write error (disc full?).\n", outFilename);
		return -9;
	}
	fclose(fout);
	free(buffer);
	return 0;
}